Tool Development and Measurement

• The SOM is a minimal data set for collecting outcomes of students who receive school-based occupational therapy and physical therapy services. 
• School-based occupational therapists and physical therapists are expected to measure the effectiveness of their student interventions
• No tool currently exists to measure outcomes of all students with disabilities ages 3-21 years
• The SOM stands poised, as a national minimal data set, to capture and measure those student outcomes.

• National validation study, U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences (IES) R234A160226 Validating the School Outcomes Measure (SOM™): An Outcomes Measure for Student who Receive School-based Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy
  • Collect national student data to validate and evaluate the SOM’s responsiveness 
  • Develop a national open-access data collection and analysis system
• Study Participant Information [link]

Peer Reviewed Publications:

• Klug, K.B., Kolobe, T.H.A., James, S.A., & Arnold, S.H. (2020). Concurrent Validity of the School Outcomes Measure and the School Function Assessment in Elementary Students. Pediatric Physical Therapy,32 (3), 180-88. doi: 10.1097/PEP.0000000000000710
• Wilson, R.A.A., Kolobe, T.H.A., Arnold, S. H., & McEwen, I.R (2015).  Concurrent Validity of the School Outcomes Measure (SOM) and Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) in Preschool Aged Children. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 35(1), 40-53.
• Arnold, S. H., Kolobe,T.H.A, Thompson, D.M.,& Boeckman,L.(2013). Assessing the Discriminative Ability and Internal Consistency of the School Outcomes Measure ISRN Rehabilitation, Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 607416, 8 Pages, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/607416
•  Arnold, S.H., & McEwen, I. R. (2008). Item Test-Retest Reliability and Responsiveness of the School Outcomes Measure (SOM). Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 28(1), 59-77.
•  Arnold, S. H. (2003). Methodological Research of a Developing Minimal Data Set that Measures Outcomes of Students Receiving School-Based Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy, The University Of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Digital Dissertations/Pro-Quest Data Base, AAT 3095288.
• McEwen, I. R., Arnold, S. H., Hansen, L. H., & Johnson, D. (2003). Interrater Reliability and Content Validity of a Minimal Data Set to Measure Outcomes of Students Receiving School-based Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy.  Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 23(2), 77-95.  

Peer-Reviewed Presentations:

• Arnold, S.H., Fragala-Pinkham, M., James, S.A., Kramer, J.M., & Kolobe, T.H.A. Determinants of Change in Student Mobility, Daily Activity, and Social-Cognitive Status during a School Year. Feb. 2021, Combined Sections Meeting of the American Physical Therapy Association, virtual conference (COVID-19). 
• Fragala-Pinkham, M., Kolobe, T.H.A., James, S.A., Kramer, J.M., & Arnold, S.H. Functional Changes in Students Receiving Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy in School. Feb. 2021, Combined Sections Meeting of the American Physical Therapy Association, virtual conference (COVID-19).
• Porter, A., Jones, M., Kolobe, T., Arnold, S. Location of school-based therapy: does it matter when examining participation outcomes? Nov. 15, 2019, American Physical Therapy Association, Academy of Pediatric Physical Therapy Annual Conference, Anaheim, California.
• Evaluating Dimensionality of Scales: Implications for Tool Utility. Arnold, S.H., Kolobe, THA, Smith, E. May 12, 2019, World Confederation for Physical Therapy Congress 2019, Geneva, Switzerland. [Poster]
• Planning a National Study: Overcoming Challenges. Arnold, S. H., Kolobe, T.K., Porter, A., November 10, 2018. The APTA Academy of Pediatric Physical Therapy Annual Conference, Chattanooga, Tennessee. [Poster]
• Arnold, S. H., Validating the Outcomes of Students Who Receive School-based Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy, Oct. 10, 2017, 33rd Annual Pacific Rim International Conference on Disability and Diversity, Honolulu, Hawaii
• Construct Validity of the School Outcomes Measure (SOM) When Used with secondary   Students Receiving School-Based Therapy, MacRone-Wojton, M., Arnold, S.H., Kolobe, T.H.A., & DeGrace, B.W., April, 2016; American Occupational Therapy Association Annual Conference & Expo, Chicago, Illinois. [Poster]
• Concurrent Validity of the School Outcomes Measure (SOM) and the School Function Assessment (SFA), Klug, K., Arnold, S.H., Kolobe, T.H.A., James, S., DeGrace, B., & Silverman, M, February, 2016; American Physical Therapy Association Combined Sections Meeting, Anaheim, California. [Poster] 
• Measuring the Outcomes of Students: Rasch Analysis of the School Outcomes Measure (SOM), Arnold, SH, Kolobe, THA, & Smith, E., January, 2013; American Physical Therapy Association Combined Sections Meeting, San Diego, California.Poster
• Concurrent Validity of the School Outcomes Measure with the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory in Preschool-age Children, Amundson, RA, Kolobe, THA, Arnold, SH, & McEwen, IR, February 2012, American Physical Therapy Association, Combined Sections Meeting, Chicago, Illinois [Poster]
• Arnold, S.H., Concurrent Validity of the School Outcomes Measure with the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory in Preschool-age Children, April 2012, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, College of Allied Health Research Day: An Exposition of Student and Faculty Research, Oklahoma City
• Arnold, S.H., Internal Consistency of the School Outcomes Measure, June 2008, American Physical Therapy Association Scientific Meeting and Exposition, San Antonio, Texas
• Arnold, S.H., Development of the School Outcomes Measure: A Minimal Data Set that Measures Outcomes of Students Receiving School-Based Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, July 2004, American Physical Therapy Association Scientific Meeting and Exposition, Chicago, Illinois
• Arnold, S.H., Methodological Research of the School Outcomes Measure(SOM), Feb. 2004, Combined Sections Meeting of the American Physical Therapy Association, Nashville, Tennessee
• Arnold, S.H., Improving Services for Children with Disabilities: Measuring Outcomes, June 2000, American Physical Therapy Association Scientific Meeting and Exposition, Indianapolis, Indiana

• 2016-2020 - Validating the School Outcomes Measure (SOM): An Outcomes Measure for Students Who Receive School-based Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy,   Arnold, S.H. - Principal Investigator & Project Director, Special Education Research Grants- Measurement, Institute of Education Sciences, ($1,599,806), 1-year no cost extension (2020-2021)
• 2006-2007 - Construct Validation of School Outcomes Measure, Arnold, S.H.- Principal Investigator, Presbyterian Health Foundation Seed Grant, OUHSC, ($23,829), 1-year no-cost extension (2007-2008)
• 1999-2000 - Preliminary Reliability and Validity of a Minimal Data Set to Measure Outcomes of School-Based Occupational and Physical Therapy, McEwen, I.M.- Project Director; Arnold, S.H. - Research Assistant, Presbyterian Health Foundation seed grant, ($27,188)